Research Methods in Psychology: Investigating Human Behavior by Paul G. Nestor & Russell K. Schutt

Author:Paul G. Nestor & Russell K. Schutt [Nestor, Paul G.]
Language: eng
Format: epub, azw3, mobi, pdf
ISBN: 9781483369150
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2014-03-11T23:00:00+00:00

TESTING BEFORE LEARNING

Try your hand at these questions. Don’t worry about not knowing the correct response, as you haven’t read the chapter yet! But research shows that a pretest such as this can enhance learning (e.g., Kornell, Hays, & Bjork, 2009). So here is the answer. You come up with the question.

1. Research participants are selected on the basis of a particular characteristic, such as age, gender, or diagnosis.

a. What is a natural treatment?

b. What is attrition?

c. What is a subject variable?

d. What is a dependent variable?

2. Independent variables that are selected but cannot be directly manipulated

a. What is a Latin-squares design?

b. What is a quasi-experimental design?

c. What is a true experimental design?

d. What is a single-factor design?

3. A type of independent variable that is used when exposures to events, situations, or settings that emanate from the “real world” define how participants are selected

a. What is a natural treatment?

b. What is attrition?

c. What is a subject variable?

d. What is a dependent variable?

4. Experimental and control groups are not created by random assignment but have been predetermined or predesignated by either a preexisting subject characteristic or an already occurred natural treatment.

a. What is a nonequivalent control group design?

b. What is a before-and-after-design?

c. What is an ex post facto control group design?

d. What is a Latin-squares design?

5. Individuals in the control group are selected on the basis of some characteristics of individuals in the treatment group that if uncontrolled could confound the results.

a. What is aggregate matching?

b. What is individual matching?

c. What is random assignment?

d. What is a random sample?

6. A control group is selected that is similar to the treatment group in the distributions of key variables: the same average age, the same percentage of females, and so on.

a. What is aggregate matching?

b. What is individual matching?

c. What is random assignment?

d. What is a random sample?

7. A threat to internal validity when participants are matched on the basis of pretest scores

a. What is random assignment?

b. What is attrition?

c. What is regression to the mean?

d. What is design sensitivity?

8. A source of internal invalidity can occur when preexisting characteristics of participants influence the formation of treatment and comparison groups.

a. What is response bias?

b. What is heuristic bias?

c. What is item bias?

d. What is selection bias?

9. In this nonexperimental design, individuals may decide themselves whether to enter the “treatment” or “control” group.

a. What is a nonequivalent-control-group design?

b. What is a before-and-after-design?

c. What is an ex post facto control group design?

d. What is a Latin-squares design?

10. The same research participants are followed over time, as for example, when the same child is tested at age 6 years, then at age 10 years, and then again at age 13 years.

a. What is a cross-sectional method?

b. What is a cross-sequential method?

c. What is a time-lag method?

d. What is the longitudinal method?

ANSWER KEY: (1) c; (2) b; (3) a; (4) a; (5) b; (6) a; (7) c; (8) d; (9) c; (10) d

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